Every passage below is reprinted word for word from the crow account of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Farmers’ Bulletin 630, Some Common Birds Useful to the Farmer — the 1915 printing in full, followed by the three paragraphs the 1926 revision changed — cited at the end.

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From the 1915 printing. — In one or another of its geographic races the common crow breeds in great numbers throughout the States east of the Plains and from the Gulf well up into Canada, while in less abundance it is found in California and in the Northwestern States. During the colder months a southern migratory movement brings most of these birds within the borders of the United States, and at about the latitude of Philadelphia and southern Illinois we find them congregating nightly in roosts. Farmers dwelling in the vicinity of such roosts frequently suffer losses to shocked corn.

In fact none of our native birds so much concerns the average farmer of the Eastern States as the common crow. Many of our present criticisms of this bird, as its pulling sprouting corn, feeding on ripening ears, damaging fruits of various kinds, destroying poultry and wild birds, and disseminating diseases of live stock, were common complaints in the days of the early colonists.

Many of the virtues of the crow, now quite generally recognized, also have been matters of record for many years. In recent times, however, scientific study of these problems, including the examination of the stomachs of hundreds of crows secured in every month of the year and under a variety of conditions, has enabled us to render a much fairer verdict than was formerly possible.

The crow is practically omnivorous. During spring and early summer any form of insect life seems to make a desirable item in its diet, and in winter when hard pressed nothing in the animal or vegetable kingdoms which contains a morsel of nutriment is overlooked.

In fact none of our native birds so much concerns the average farmer of the Eastern States as the common crow.

The insect side of the ledger — 1,103 stomachs

The insect food of the crow, which comprises about a fifth of its yearly sustenance, does much to atone for its misdemeanors. Grasshoppers, May beetles and their larvæ (white grubs), caterpillars, weevils, and wireworms stand out prominently. In 1,103 stomachs examined these highly injurious forms comprised over 80 per cent of the insect food. Grasshoppers are naturally taken in greatest abundance late in the season, September being the month of largest consumption, when they form about a fifth of the total food.

May beetles and white grubs are eaten in every month except January, but occur most prominently in May. In June caterpillars are a favorite food, and weevils of various kinds are taken in varying quantities throughout summer and fall. About half of the remaining 20 per cent of insect food is composed of beneficial ground beetles, ladybirds, predacious bugs, and parasitic wasps, and related forms, the rest consisting of neutral or injurious forms.

Numerous instances are on record where fields badly infested with white grubs or grasshoppers have been favorite resorts of crows, whose voracity has resulted in a material suppression of the pest. When the amount of food required to sustain the individual crow is considered, the work of these birds appears all the more important. Single stomachs containing upward of 50 grasshoppers are not uncommon. Thus in its choice of insect food the crow is rendering an important service to the farmer.

Frogs, crawfish, carrion, and other small game

In the other animal food of the crow are several items of the utmost economic importance. Spiders are taken in considerable numbers in May and June, but the yearly total is a little over 1 per cent of the food. In early spring crawfish are eagerly sought, and other aquatic food as fish and mollusks lend variety to the crow’s bill of fare the year round.

In the consumption of toads, salamanders, frogs, and some snakes, which together compose a little over 2 per cent of the yearly food, the crow is doubtless doing harm. Small rodents occurred in the stomachs collected nearly every month, but it is often difficult to determine whether small mammals found in birds’ stomachs were taken alive or found dead.

From its carrion-eating habits the crow has been unfairly criticized as a disseminator of live-stock diseases. While this may be to some extent just, the fact that there are many other important carriers which lie largely beyond our control, shows that we must seek final relief only through the strictest methods of sanitation.

The nest-robbing count

The nest-robbing habit of the crow, long a serious criticism, is verified by stomach analysis. Fifty of the 1,103 crows examined had fed on wild birds or their eggs, and the eggs of domestic fowls were found slightly more frequently. The crow’s habit of rummaging about garbage piles may explain much of this latter material.

The corn bill

Of the vegetable food, corn, which is eaten every month, is the most important item and forms about a third of the yearly diet. Much of this, however, must be considered waste. Over 60 per cent is consumed from the first of November to the end of March. During the periods when corn is sprouting and when in the “roasting-ear” stage the crow is eating this grain at a rate considerably less than the yearly average, and the months of smallest consumption are July and August.

At times, however, the damage to corn becomes a serious problem, and were it not possible to make use of such deterrents as coal tar upon seed corn there would be little friendship for the crow in some sections of the East. The “pulling” of corn is a trait most prevalent in small-field areas. Wheat and oats suffer similar damage at times, especially in the Northwestern States, where these grains predominate. About the only safeguard to ripening grain is the constant use of powder and shot or the scarecrow.

Various kinds of cultivated fruits also are eaten, and local damage to such crops as apples, melons, peas, beans, peanuts, and almonds is occasionally reported. In long, rigorous winters, the crow, like other birds, resorts to the fruit of numerous wild plants, as dogwood, sour gum, hackberry, smilax, and the several species of sumac and poison ivy.

Where the ledger settles

Damage to the eggs of poultry may be reduced to a minimum by careful housing of laying hens, and the farmer can protect his sprouting grain to a large extent by the use of tar-coated seed. It will be well also to keep the crow within reasonable numbers on game preserves and public parks where it is desired to encourage the nesting of smaller birds.

While legal protection is not needed for so wary an individual as the crow, it seems well, where local conditions have not aggravated some particular shortcomings of the bird, to allow it to continue the good services rendered to man in the destruction of noxious insects.

What the 1926 revision changed

From the 1926 printing. — The insect food of the crow, which comprises about a fifth of its yearly sustenance, does much to atone for its misdemeanors. Grasshoppers, May beetles and their larvæ (white grubs), caterpillars, weevils, and wireworms stand out prominently. In 1,340 stomachs of adults examined these highly injurious forms comprised over 80 per cent of the insect food.

Grasshoppers are naturally taken in greatest abundance late in the season, September being the month of largest consumption, when they form about a fifth of the total food. May beetles and white grubs are eaten in every month, but occur most prominently in May. In June caterpillars are a favorite food, and weevils of various kinds are taken in varying quantities throughout summer and fall.

About half of the remaining 20 per cent of insect food is composed of beneficial ground beetles, ladybirds, predacious bugs, and parasitic wasps, and related forms, the rest consisting of neutral or injurious forms. Numerous instances are on record where fields badly infested with white grubs or grasshoppers have been favorite resorts of crows, whose voracity has resulted in a material suppression of the pest.

When the amount of food required to sustain the individual crow is considered, the work of these birds appears all the more important. Single stomachs containing upward of 50 grasshoppers are not uncommon. Thus in its choice of insect food the crow is rendering an important service to the farmer.

From the 1926 printing. — The nest-robbing habit of the crow, long a serious criticism, is verified by stomach analysis. Of the 1,103 crows examined, 47 had fed on wild birds or their eggs, and the eggs of domestic fowls were found somewhat more frequently. The crow’s habit of rummaging about garbage piles may explain much of this latter material.

From the 1926 printing. — Of the vegetable food, corn, which is eaten every month, is the most important item and forms about 38 per cent of the diet. Much of this, however, must be considered waste, since over 60 per cent of it is consumed from the first of November to the end of March.

During the periods when corn is sprouting and when in the “roasting-ear” stage the crow is eating this grain at a rate considerably less than the yearly average, and the months of smallest consumption are July and August. At times, however, the damage to corn becomes a serious problem, and were it not possible to make use of such deterrents as coal tar upon seed corn there would be little friendship for the crow in some sections of the East.

The “pulling” of corn is a trait most prevalent in small-field areas. Wheat and oats suffer similar damage at times, especially in the Northwestern States, where these grains predominate. About the only safeguard to ripening grain is the constant use of powder and shot or the scarecrow.

The charge sheet

Source

Some Common Birds Useful to the Farmer, U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin 630 (1915 edition), “Crow.” Project Gutenberg #62696. Some Common Birds Useful to the Farmer, Farmers’ Bulletin 630 (1926 revised edition), “Crow.” Project Gutenberg #62678. Public domain. Project Gutenberg #62696 and #62678.

The 1915 printing is reproduced verbatim as the body (the cleaner transcription); the three paragraphs the 1926 revision changed are reproduced verbatim from that printing, labeled. Mechanical edits: hard-wrapped lines rejoined; footnote marker ([44]) and its Latin-name footnote removed; illustration placeholder and “(fig. 16)” cross-reference removed; italic underscores dropped; three OCR fixes in the 1926 text — “these highly Injurious forms” → “these highly injurious forms”, “late in the season. September being” → “late in the season, September being”, “all the more important Single stomachs” → “all the more important. Single stomachs.” No other changes.